NFL Held Responsible for Brain Injuries - 1128 Words

NFL Held Responsible for Brain Injuries Throughout history in the NFL, head injuries and fixing those problems have always been hidden from the athletes because of the NFL striving to make a large profit instead of caring for the players. With this being an ongoing problem between NFL players and the NFL itself, many past and current players are digging deeper to find the truth and statistics continue to show how serious this problem actually is. When the lawsuits first began to come known to the public, the NFL agreed to pay over seven hundred million dollars to compensate former players suffering neurological injuries. Many believe the NFL offered this so quickly, hoping to avoid a potential public relations nightmare. The NFL, a ten†¦show more content†¦It may go deeper than that though (Kacsmar). The players accused the NFL of intentional misconduct in its response to the headaches, dizziness, and other multiple signs that former players have reported (â€Å"Mega-Lawsu it†). A former running back, Kevin Turner, who was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), said â€Å"The NFL must open its eyes to the consequences of its actions. The NFL has the power not only to give former players the care they deserve, but also to ensure that future generations of football players do not suffer the way that many in my generation have.† (â€Å"Mega-Lawsuit†). Many of the former and present NFL players believe that like boxing, the NFL had to be aware of the health risks associated with repetitive blows producing sub concussive and concussive results. The fact that some members of the NFL player population were at significant risk of developing long term brain damage, had to be known by the league. Players say, â€Å"Despite its knowledge and controlling role in governing player conduct on and off the field, the NFL turned a blind eye to the risk and failed to warn and or impose safety regulations governing this well-recognized health and safety problem.† (â€Å"Lawsuit†). The NFL’s rule change on moving kickoffs to the thirty-five yard line in 2011 was expected to decrease the number of head injuries, but overall head injuriesShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Concussions On The Football Field1553 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of psychiatric, and neurological symptoms including memory loss, depression, anxiety, aggression and dementia (Firger). None of the blows have to result in unconsciousness, in fact, most people diagnosed have never had severe brain trauma or concussions (NFL Concussions Fast). Early studies found a disease in correlation to boxing, a condition called dementia pugilistica, or â€Å"punch-drunk syndrome† (Alzheimer’s and Dementia). Studies for dementia pugilistica began in 1929, outlining the symptomsRead MoreFootball is a classic American pastime that has been thrilling spectators for decades. As with all1200 Words   |  5 Pagesconcussions. A concussion is a hit-induced injury that causes any sort of malfuncti on in the brain. When the brain does not function properly, a person is exposed to a mental degradation that can result in a loss of self-being and independence. Concussions are becoming the main suspect for mental challenges in football players as the result of an overlooked modern game. First, the primary causes of concussions in football are players competing with a history of brain injury, the size of players, and the speedRead MoreSports Medicine Physicians And Athletic Trainers Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesIt’s all over the news. At least, it’s all over the sports news. There is even a movie that is entirely about this one injury. The invisible injury. An injury that can present itself as simple headaches to nausea to dizziness to complete loss of consciousness. Something that is described as a bruise to the brain caused by a bump or a blow to the head has become an athlete’s worst nightmare: a concussion (What). Concussions are becoming more and more commonplace in today’s world. Some say it isRead MoreThe Dark Side Of Nfl : Concussed Or Not?2865 Words   |  12 PagesDark Side to the NFL: Concussed or Not? Based on my research, there are considerable lifelong health related consequences associated with participating in grueling sport activities such as professional football. What responsibilities should the National Football League (NFL) have in regards to providing an adequate support system to players suffering from a concussion during a practice or regular season game and from lifelong challenges as a result of traumatic head injuries sustained duringRead MoreMaterial And The Design Of Football Helmets Essay2931 Words   |  12 Pagesprevent concussive damage to the brain. A polycarbonate shell is used as the outer housing for regulation football helmets, but along with this material, the materials used on the inside of the helmet are just as, if not more, important. The purpose of this report is to analyze the materials used in current football helmet design and the improvements being made in the field of materials science in order to combat the severe number of concussions suffered by NFL players. Concussions There is a largeRead MoreFIFA Fotball: A Single Goal, a Single Feeling Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesthe events. However, although some people believe that sports are negative, they are overwhelmingly positive because they offer educational opportunities, strengthen communities, and encourage gender equality. [one of the major disadvantages is brain injury. You need to deal with that in intro or in body para. Let’s see if you do] Sports are positive because they offer talented people with limited economic resources the opportunity to pursue a professional career in college. Jason Whitlock, a sportswriterRead MoreEssay on The Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball3073 Words   |  13 Pagesthat created Tetrahydrogestrinone. Of course he is taking the steroids; his trainer took part in making THG. But, if that is not enough convincing information, Barry Bonds broke Roger Maris home-run record by twelve home-runs. Roger Maris record held for 27 years and was unable to be broken by some of the best athletes in baseball, and possibly all sports. It is unnatural for a jump like that to happen. Jason Giambi, another athlete possibly connected to the steroid scandal, had a tremendous seasonRead MoreEssay Steroids2867 Words   |  12 Pagesflesh tearing disrupts the humid and misty environment. The ground shakes as the smell of blood draws in the masses, a feeding frenzy soon follows. Competitions have been held on planet Earth since the beginning of time. Humans began to compete as soon as we laid foot upon our beautiful planet. At first, our competitions were held to see who would eat, who would drink, or to see who would reproduce. Human competition was about life or death and only the strong were guaranteed survival. Today, thingsRead MoreAnalysis of Nike Inc.9194 Words   |  37 Pagesa measure of stability beginning in the 1980’s, due in part to the high barriers to entry that new firms faced. There were high start-up costs due to expensive raw materials; costly innovation, technology, and advertising; and the high market share held by the industry’s leaders. Existing companies achieved economies of scale that were not available to potential new entrants. In addition, established companies had distinct identities and brand-loyal customers. New entrants would have needed to matchRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition Ne w Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesRegulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118 †¢ Job Attitudes 119 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 119 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 120 Summary and Implications for Managers 121 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of

Media Violence May Increase Behavioral Violence - 923 Words

Media Violence May Increase Behavioral Violence The Virginia Tech School Shooting in 2007 resulted in thirty-two fatalities and seventeen injuries. During the event’s aftermath, a video of Seung-Hui Cho, the shooter, was released to the public. In the video, Cho discusses a previous school shooting at Columbine High School. His reference to another school shooting led the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to conclude that media coverage of the Columbine shooting could have influenced Cho to plan and enact his own school shooting (Ferguson, 2013, p. 21-24). Numerous social scientists have conducted social experiments and surveys to study this possible link, and to understand the relationship between violence in the media and violence in individuals. Many of them conclude that media violence can influence individuals to behave violently. Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory, constructed to explain how media violence might increase behavioral violence, is part of the General Aggression Model (GAM), which considers a person’s developmental psychology in order to understand their behavior. The Social Learning Theory is based on the observation that individuals are influenced by the behaviors they observe. This implies that if a person observes violence in the media, then they will behave violently (Black, 2016, p. 192). Thus, individuals who are exposed to large amounts of violent media will behave more violently than individuals who are not exposed toShow MoreRelatedIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture In Bradbury’s dystopian classic, Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse says â€Å" ‘I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other’ † (Bradbury 27). Bradbury claims through Fahrenheit 451 that our society is becoming increasingly violent in youth’s culture. Furthermore, common sense seems to dictate that as technology advances violence, increases as well. Although schools are considered to be the safest places for children, media, behavioral problems, and influences insideRead MoreAggressive Behavior And Video Games860 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuous exposure to video games may generate behavioral changes among individuals. It is being demonstrated by research that violent television and media have a cause and effect on children and youth that watch them. Because video games use the same repetitiveness mechanism as television and media it is expected by social science professionals that video games cause an even greater impact. Many factors have been cases of study for researchers to support the thesis of behavioral changes as a consequenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Emotion1570 Words   |  7 Pagesshown how harmful the effects of media violence can be for over 60 years, and some recent studies have shown that there may even be a direct correlation between a one’s emotions and their exposure to the highly concentrated violence in video games. It is also known that over 85% of video games today have at the very least some type of minor violence, and about half of video games contain serious violent actions (Carnagey, 2007). This is the reason why video game violence research and literature is growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreThe Effects of Media Violence on Children Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I saw it on Television.† Television violence had a role in the childs behavior. Media violence can have a lasting impression on children, teenagers and adults not only through television, but also through video games. In the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in violent behavior in the United States (Merino 1). This is the result of exposure to violence. More than half of television programs and video games contain some type of violence. Perez Daly says, â€Å"’... children areRead MoreViolent Media And Its Impact On Aggression1544 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Media and Its Impact On Aggression In Adolescence In recent trends, adolescents in the United States are now experiencing an explosive rise in the usage of technology. There have been many technological advances since the 20th century such as the invention of the Internet, cellular devices, and other screens. However, the new generation of adolescents in America; the â€Å"millennials,† are the ones living through and experiencing this new economy and lifestyle. Millennials and many other youngRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems today, with violence being at the top of the list, you go anywhere and that is all you here about. Unfortunately it’s in front-page headlines of the newspaper and broadcasted on the news as top stories. Violence is a very big topic, although it is categorized into many small groups. There is juvenile violence, domestic violence, hate violence, terrorist violence, and violence displaced through various forms of the media. This research w ill be on violence in the media and does it affect ourRead MoreLost Boys : Why Our Sons Turn Violent And How We Can Save Them Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesViolence shows it face in many forms. It is slowly taking over the youth of our society, and becoming more prevalent than ever. Is it really environmental factors that are the cause of violence in our youth today? Or is the increase in violence to be blamed on a group of variables, that together, create the perfect recipe for disaster? In the book, Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them, author Dr. James Garbarino discusses possible reasons that childhood aged boys are experiencingRead MoreCauses and Effects of Violence in Children Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesrate between children and violence is increasing. In fact, the article Children and Violence states that as many as 10 million children per year may witness or be victims of violence in their home, schools, or communities across the United States . Childhood exposure to violence has a huge overwhelming impact on children’s development, affect emotional growth, cognitive development, physical health, and school performances. This increase in children’s exposure to violence suggests that more childrenRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media such

Polar Bears Free Essays

The different adaptations of the Polar Bears and Brown Bears Polar Bears: Polar bears mainly eat seals Paw pads with rough surfaces help stop the Polar Bears from slipping on the ice Polar Bears don’t swim The polar bear’s fat layer, which is three to four inches thick, not only protects it from the cold A polar bear is so well insulated that it experiences no heat loss. The bear’s blubber layer can measure 4. 5 inches thick. We will write a custom essay sample on Polar Bears or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polar bears have excellent underwater vision. They can spot food up to 15 feet away. They have sharp claws and teeth to eat prey Their ears have small surface area compared to body, reduces heat loss Thick white fur for camouflage and insulation Long legs for running to catch prey Brown Bears: They have thick insulating coats and tend to be large which helps them to keep their body heat They hibernate during winter. They have sharp claws and teeth which help them attack their prey. Adult brown bears are powerful; much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves and oots. Bears also eat other animals. Brown bears can be recognized by their most distinctive feature, their shoulder hump. The shoulder muscle helps the bears to dig up roots and tear apart logs to find food. These muscles are located in the ‘hump’ of the brown bear. Brown bears can move rocks and logs and dig through hard soil and rocky ground using their long sharp claws when making their dens. They eat grass, fruit, insects, roots and bulbs of plants. How to cite Polar Bears, Papers

A-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question: Discuss about theA-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Answer: Introduction Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and flagellated bacterium that are natural inhabitants of soil and vegetation as well as our gastrointestinal tract. It has a circular chromosome like most of the prokaryotes with approximately 4214.8 Kb (Kunst et al., 1997) coding for more than 4000 proteins (Kobayashi et al., 2003). Out of the 4000 proteins many of them functions in metabolic activities which includes enzymes that are involved in breaking down carbon sources. One of the enzymes is the -amylase which is required for breakdown of carbohydrates into monomers (glucose and maltose) (Yamazaki et al., 1983). The enzyme is produced by the bacterium and is secreted to the external environment to breakdown starch in the immediate vicinity of the organism. After breaking down complex carbohydrate sources the simplified form such as glucose is taken up by the cell for utilization by the cell into its cytoplasm. The ability to secrete -amylase can be tested by culturing the bacterium on agar medium supplemented with starch and checking by iodine. Iodine has the ability to detect starch by changing colour from brown to purple. In case of absence of starch there will be no colour reaction and iodine will not change colour (Ortlepp, Ollington, McConnell, 1983). This means that B. subtilis which produces the -amylase enzyme will digest starch into smaller constituents and iodine will not change colour. By using organism that cannot produce the enzyme and comparing with B. subtilis we can determine the difference in iodine reaction of the two organisms on an agar plate supplemented with starch. After determination of the presence of the enzyme a procedure of whole genome isolation from the organism with an aim to purify the coding gene for -amylase will be carried out. The genomic isolation follows a procedure of destructing the bacterial cell wall and precipitating the genomic DNA. Lysis is performed using an anionic detergent, SDS, and lysozyme along with proteinase K. SDS destroys the lipid bilayer and precipitates protein, whereas lysozyme and proteinase K cleaves protein into amino acids leading to destruction of cell wall and membrane of the bacterium. Further, addition of RNase will destroy all the ribonuclease present in the lysate. The constituent protein is then precipitated with 1:1 phenol: chloroform mixture. The solution that remained after organic phase extraction contains the DNA which is purified by using silica resins as stationary phase. Silica groups are negatively charged and will bind with Na+ ions present in the mobile phase and will form a net positiv e charge. The positive charge will then attract DNA which is negatively charged which is then washed with ethanol and eluted using an elution solution. The whole process can be carried out in a specially designed spin column that are commercially available. The isolated DNA is then quantitated and quality checked by spectrophotometer reading at 260 and 280nm. The isolated DNA can then be used as a template for PCR amplification of the -amylase gene using gene specific primers. The amplified product can then be checked using agarose gel electrophoresis which separates DNA according to its size. As DNA is negatively charged it will travel towards positive charged electrode and the movement in an agarose medium is restricted by size allowing smaller molecules to travel ahead of larger ones. By using a standard marker we can determine the size of the amplified product. Result Iodine test for starch: The iodine test for presence of starch indicated a negative result on the side of the agar plate growing B. subtilis with no colour change of iodine, and a positive reaction for E. coli culture, iodine turned purple [Figure 1]. The result indicates absence of starch on the side of the plate with B subtilis and presence of starch on E. coli culture. Genomic DNA isolation and PCR amplification: The genomic DNA which was isolated from a culture of B. subtilis was checked with spectrophotometer for its purity and concentration. The absorbance at 260 nm UV was 0.25 and at 280 nm was 0.133. A 260/280 reading of 1.87 and a concentration of 12.5 g/ml. The concentration was estimated using the formula: A260 concentration 50 g/ml. In a reaction volume of 20 L PCR reaction, 8L of the isolated genomic DNA was used to get a final concentration of 0.1 g in 20 L [Table 1]. Determination of size of PCR product: The amplified product of PCR was electrophoresed on an agarose gel along with a standard DNA 100bp ladder. The gel was photographed [Figure 2] and distance travelled by each standard band was measured [Table 2] to establish a standard curve of distance migrated on Y axis and log of base pairs of standard on X axis. A linear trendline equation was established with R2 value of 0.99 which is the best fit [Figure 3]. Using the equation of the chart the size of the amplified band was estimated as 725 base pairs. We could not observe any product at the negative control well. Discussion subtilis houses a gene for -amylase and produces the enzyme for utilization of starch into its external environment and utilizes the product for its energy needs. The degradation of starch is evident from the iodine test which does not show a colour change from brown to purple in the B. subtilis culture. The result that we obtained is similar to previous experiments by other researchers (Swain Ray, 2007). After confirmation of presence of the enzyme by the iodine test we isolated the genomic DNA from the organism which was used for PCR reaction to amplify the gene. We determined the quality of the isolated DNA by measuring absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm UV light which yielded a A260/A280 of 1.8 indicating a pure DNA sample. In order to amplify the -amylase gene we used a PCR reaction. PCR is a dynamic method that specifically amplifies target DNA sequence by using specified forward and reverse primers to limit the reaction. The primer binds to the target DNA sequence in a Watson-crick base pairing method and serves as a 3OH free end for addition of nucleotides complementary to the target sequence by the activity of Taq polymerase (a thermostable DNA polymerase). For this dNTPs are provided in abundance for the reaction to proceed. PCR is carried out in three steps which is repeated over around 30 times leading to exponential multiplication of the product; Denaturation which separates the double stranded DNA, annealing in which primers anneal to targets and extension in which DNA strands are made by Taq polymerase. PCR can be used to amplify any DNA sequence provided that specific primers for the target are used and the annealing temperature is optimized for amplification. Sometimes when an mRNA is used for amplification of the target gene it should be first converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase in a process called reverse transcription. The product of the amplification is then checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method in which DNA can be separated based on size. Agarose is a gelling agent and forms a gel-like substance, the hardness of which is dependent on the percentage of agarose. The higher the percentage of agarose smaller is the pore size and hence retardation in mobility of the DNA sample therefore a higher gel percentage would reduce distance travelled. When electrophoresed in buffer (ion carrier such as TAE or TBE) the DNA moves from negative to positive electrode with smaller fragments moving faster than bigger ones. In our experiment we determined the size of the amplicon using a standard curve plotted with distance migrated by standard DNA base pair. The size of the amplicon was determined to be 724 base pair which was the same size as positive control band. However, the size of the gene is approximately 1539 base pairs (Ortlepp et al., 1983; Yamazaki et al., 1983; Yang, Galizzi, Henner, 1983), which means we amplified only a part of the gene. W e successfully amplified the gene for -amylase from B. subtilis. References Kobayashi, K., Ehrlich, S. D., Albertini, A., Amati, G., Andersen, K., Arnaud, M., . . . Bessieres, P. (2003). Essential Bacillus subtilis genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(8), 4678-4683. Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., . . . Danchin, A. (1997). The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature, 390(6657), 249-256. doi: 10.1038/36786 Ortlepp, S. A., Ollington, J. F., McConnell, D. J. (1983). Molecular cloning in Bacillus subtilis of a Bacillus licheniformis gene encoding a thermostable alpha amylase. Gene, 23(3), 267-276. Swain, M., Ray, R. (2007). Alpha?amylase production by Bacillus subtilis CM3 in solid state fermentation using cassava fibrous residue. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 47(5), 417-425. Yamazaki, H., Ohmura, K., Nakayama, A., Takeichi, Y., Otozai, K., Yamasaki, M., . . . Yamane, K. (1983). Alpha-amylase genes (amyR2 and amyE+) from an alpha-amylase-hyperproducing Bacillus subtilis strain: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences. Journal of bacteriology, 156(1), 327-337. Yang, M., Galizzi, A., Henner, D. (1983). Nucleotide sequence of the amylase gene from Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic acids research, 11(2), 237-250.

Mortal Pursuit Essays - English-language Films,

Mortal Pursuit Trish Robinson- She is a rookie cop that entered the police force for about a week. She has not done very much for her first week being a cop, but today she would never imagine what she had to go through. On the first day of her second week she get yelled at by her captain for being late, so he assigns her to go along with an experienced cop on a night watch. From the very firs minute that the cop meets her, he can tell that she is very special, and he knows that she will become a really good cop. Ally Kent- She is a little girl that is being held hostage at her own home along with her family, and her parent's friends. She is only 15 years old but she is very smart, and very mature for her age. Through out the whole ordeal she quickly becomes a victim and almost gets raped by the headman of the whole operation. Until Trish and her partner come to the house, Ally becomes a really good friend of Trish Robinson. Cain- He is the terrorist that has broken into the Kent household for the evening, him and his killing-crazy buddies have made the house a battlefield. He had plans to rob the Kent's and make a couple of deals with Mr. Kent. Not until Trish Robinson shows up he knows the true meaning of hatred towards another person, but he also learns that it's going to be really hard to get rid of her. PLOT SUMMARY Its just another routine patrol for Trish Robinson and her partner Wald. Everything was going good until they both responded to a prowler watch outside of the Kent estate, in the mean time Cain and his deadly killers are plotting to trap the Kent's and their guests inside their beautiful home. On the way to the Kent's house Wald is reassuring Trish that there's nothing to worry about and that she will be fine, and usually when someone is reporting a prowler outside their home its an animal or something. It makes her feel better, but if they only knew what they were really getting into. They come to find that the Kent's are being held hostage. They kill Wald soon after that, and they put Trish in the trunk of the patrol car and dumped both of them in the lake. Somehow Trish figured out a way of getting out of the trunk, and she just had to go back and rescue everyone, even thought she knew that she could get killed in the process. She especially had to rescue Ally, and only because she reminded Trish of a childhood friend that she had that got killed by Cain, 16 years earlier. Through out the book, her and Ally came really close to getting killed by Cain and the rest of his killers. In the end, they both succeeded and they were able to save everyone that was worth saving. OPINION OF BOOK I really enjoyed this book because at the beginning of the book it was kind of like every other book that you have ever read, and then it started to get really interesting. It was really suspenseful, and it really kept me on the story. It was one of those books that you wish that you had the whole time in the world to actually be able to read it, and actually keep reading it. And it was also one of those books that you wish that they would go on forever, and that they should make it into a movie, but then again all the movies are the same. Other than that I really enjoyed the book, and I recommend it to anyone that likes this kind of book.

Euthanasia9 essays

Euthanasia9 essays Euthanasia has brought great attention to the public eye since Dr. Jack Kevorkian was discovered for contributing to these horrible inhumane acts. At the present time, the state of Oregon has the world's only law specifically permitting a doctor to prescribe lethal drugs for the purpose of ending a patient's life (iaetf.org/faq.htm). Why has only one state that happens to be in the United States contributed to this horrible controversy? Euthanasia tends to attract people that are terminally ill who desire death and are usually depressed. A "good" medical doctor would prescribe an individual some antidepressant medication before taking ones life. Euthanasia allows a "bad" doctor to have too much control over an individual's life before resulting to the necessary and proper measures of their true mental state. Also, modern medicine today has proven to be very beneficial to dealing with pain. A person needs to find a new doctor that can prescribe them drugs pinpointed more to their condition that can actually do something for their pain rather than taking the easy way out and resulting to death. People that have had someone like Dr. Jack Kevorkian assist in their death are crying out for help, they are allowing death to be their last measure to result to in life. Euthanasia activists are allowing people to believe that it is an acceptable solution to result to when life gets you down. How can an individual solve a problem by getting rid of the people to whom the problems happen? Overall, people that wish to end their own life as a result to euthanasia are not in their true mental state when making such a decision. People need to learn to appreciate what life can offer and not concentrate on the many obstacles that we all encounter during our lifetime. If people can learn to adapt new attitudes about managing and dealing with life and not always taking the easy way out, our country would have no states ...

Organizational Buying Processes Versus The Consumer Buying Processes Essay

Organizational Buying Processes Versus The Consumer Buying Processes - Essay Example Consumers also go through the same stages of buying process as the organization starting from identifying the need for purchase and ending at building an opinion for future purchases. The difference between the two buying processes is that consumer buying is for personal use, or for the use of family or household; whereas, the organizational buying is either for further production of goods, or sale to consumers, or usage within the organization. Another difference is that business buying involves a few large scale buyers; while in consumer buying, there are a lot of small scale buyers (who are the consumers). Also, the demand of products or services in organizational buying actually depends on the demand of products and services from the consumers, and it is not vice versa. Demand of products in business markets does not depend upon the change in price whereas the demand of products in consumer markets depends upon the change in price because consumers decide upon the purchase after considering the price. Hence, organizational buying is price inelastic; while, consumer buying is price

Developing Strategies to Address Strategic Issues Assignment

Developing Strategies to Address Strategic Issues - Assignment Example The organization offers health care services through their free clinics and not-for-profit pharmacies located in different parts of the world, thereby assisting the poor. The strategic issue identified in the organization concerns the increasing demand from the patients, and on the other hand, different forms of institutions that offer healthcare service are decreasing significantly (American Hospital Association, 2009). There is need to apply the five processes to this strategic issue in order to determine the most helpful in a formulation of a strategy. The practical alternatives that can be applied in solving the problems arising from this strategic issue are seeking financial aid from other organization, from the governments and donors. Therefore, this can help AmeriCare to gather funds for setting up more facilities to deal with increasing demand from patients in future. The possible barriers to realizing the alternatives are interference by the political and economic factors. For instance, various political actors in certain countries can set policies that have a negative impact on operations of the organization. On the other hand, the economic factor such as a recession can hinder expansion of facilities and receive of government aid. Some of the major proposals that can be pursued to achieve alternatives, dreams and to overcome the barriers are to create awareness of the organization among independent parties that do not have government interferences (Bryson, 1988). Given that, these parties can assist the organization even during the recession; this can help overcome barriers and facilitate achievement of the dreams. Therefore, there is need to develop marketing strategies to promote the organization, whereby numerous parties will be informed about the existence of the organization and the responsibilities taken by the organization in the society (Taylor, 1984).  

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Essay Example It is not possible to fully cover Ginsburg's contributions to women's rights in a paper of this limited scope. However, it will highlight her most importatnt work, and show how the progression of her legal reasoning has become the cornerstone of today's women's movement. Ruth Bader Ginsburg is one of women's rights foremost advocates, and she has earned a place in history as a woman that has led by example as well as action. Ginsburg immersed herself in women's issues at an early point in her professional life, and they became a hallmark of her career. Ginsburg was a groundbreaker, and at Harvard Law School she was one of only eight women out of a class of 500. She transferred to Columbia, where she graduated at the top of her class, though gender discrimination overshadowed her academic achievements.1 Ginsburg joined the faculty at Rutgers, and became "only the second female on the school's faculty and among the first 20 women law professors in the country".2 She became the first law professor at Harvard, directed the Women's Rights Project at the ACLU, and by 1973 Ginsburg was arguing a Supreme Court case regarding equal benefits for men and women in the armed forces.3 Ginsburg gained the attention of President Jimmy Carter by winning 5 out of 6 Supreme Court cases, and consistently arguing that the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment applied to gender as well as race.4 Carter appointed Gins burg to the United States Court of appeals for the District of Columbia, and in 1993 she was "confirmed by the Senate in a vote of 96 to 3, becoming the 107th Supreme Court Justice, its second female jurist", and an outspoken advocate for women's rights on the bench.5 Since that date she has been instrumental in furthering the cause of gender equality in America. Foundational Legal Work Her early work with the ACLU on the Women's Rights Project prepared her legal skills for writing the Supreme Court decision on United States v. Virginia. The early 1970s ACLU test cases of Frontiero v. Richardson and Weinberger v. Weisenfeld were argued by Ginsburg and built a body of precedent "that swept away gender stereotyping once and for all".6 Ginsburg had a strategy of promoting equality, without regards to the gender of the injured victim. In Frontiero v. Richardson, Ginsburg argued that a man could be a legal dependent of a female Air Force officer, which made the woman eligible for dependent benefits. Weinberger v. Weisenfeld argued that a male was as equally entitled as a female to Social

Examine functionalism explanations of socialisation

Examine functionalism explanations of socialisation Examine functionalism explanations of socialisation within the family Functionalists believe in the concept that of consensus and that that the family is at the heart of society, and is the key attribute in keeping society in an orderly and efficient manner. They also believe that hold the view that the nuclear family best suits the for anan advanced industrial society because it is more mobile to move from different areas thsan the traditional extended family because there a ferwer people making it economically viable,(Parsons nuclear isolated family theory.There view of the nuclear family comprises of the economi provider breadwinner husband (instrumental superior) and dependant wife (expressive superior) and children. Sociologists such as Durkheim have developed the functionalistic approach towards the family. Most of the sociloisdts coming from the United States. Functionalism is a theory that explains the role of the family within society- functionalists acknowledge the positive aspects of society and look at society on a macro scale. The family is a unit which workers for the efficiency and stabilisation of society. Functionalism is based on the belief of consensus, for example we are socialised on the norms of society- from what is right and from what is wrong. Early sociologists such as Durkheim (1858-1917) recognized how organic solidarity could be used to explain some social institutions and behaviours Durkheim stated that there were two types of solidarity, (mechanical and organic) mechanical solidarity being characterised by the division of labour yet this was deemed problematic by Durkheim. Organic solidarity on the other hand is when individuals see society as interdependent which according to Durkheim is essential for modern society to avoid anomie. Functionalist therefore are of the belief that every institution contributes to the smooth running of society- in particular the family being the most prominent function that keeps society from anarchy by producing social actors that are socialised stable individuals. The American social scientist Murdock thoroughly analysed two hundred and fifty societies and claimed that some sort of family existed in every form of society and therefore concluded that from his evidence that the family is universal. He refers to the family as a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of sexually cohabiting adults. He argues that the sexual and reproductive functions are essential. If reproduction did not take place there would be no members of society; it prevents disruptive effects on social order that would normally result if the sexual urges were allowed free-play. The family provides control and expression. Murdock also states that without the economic function no preparation and provision of food would take place his believes that the economic aspect of the family is enhan ced when the persons live together. Despite Murdocks thorough research of societies and observations of the family, his theory of the universal functions of the family have undergone numerous criticisms; many having the similar tone that there are many different types of families for example single parented families which are just as functional as the ideal nuclear family and in some circumstances have a better relationship with the child as there is more trust and responsibility delegated to the child. One critic stated the contents of values is culturally and historically specific and variable, and is no way universal. However Murdocks era also has to be taken into account when considering his theory, as the nuclear family was deemed the norm and he would have been socialised to be compatible with that concept. Parson is of the belief that the basic function of the family is the primary socialization of children so that they can become civilised members of the society he also believes that the family is essential for the stabilization of adult personalities- as it gives the adult opportunity to express signs of stress for example the family could relieve the adult of a stressful day at work. Parsons view was that these two functions were positively correlated because a child can be socialized into a society only if the society was institutionalized and organized into expected role structures which gives the adult stability. Parson despite criticism, believed that the patriarchal family was a strong and stable and consisted of a hierarchy which consisted of the instrumental superior father (husband), the instrumental inferior son (brother), the expressive superior mother (wife) and the inferior expressive superior daughter (sister).This role structure is the normal nuclear family. Parsons makes some assumptions regarding the family, especially regarding specific genders for example the woman is better fitted for the home and the man for more manual labour. Radical feminists argue that Parsons view of the female role in the family is an inaccurate perspective regarding the lives of females and believe that they are oppressed within the home and have to be the stereotypical emotive nurturer due to such theorists as Parson which make them confined to those roles- without there being an actual choice. Parson views the nuclear family as being best fitted for industrialisation for example jobs of today demand a desire for increased education, which means too many children on the become economic liabilities because the time taken to nurture children and the costs of schooling is very expensive. Too many children would not be economically viable which is why the industrialised family has been reduced. The reduction in size means the nuclear family is more geographically and socially mobile. Extended kinship is not needed resulting that extended kin are visited out of choice and not obligation. However this has been debated, it has been argued that specialised jobs such as politicians have to move relocate on demand, the rest of the population which is the majority, can easily remain situated in the same location for a number of years, and that the extended kin remain a fundamental part of the family as they often are in the third generation and pass down their knowledge and culture which in turn is internalised by the children and adults. Parsons work has been criticised by some theorists such as Robert Merton ( who worked in close proximity with Parsons) he argued that the social sciences were not yet ready for such sweeping theory but still had a tremendous amount of work to do gathering data and summarizing research findings with more modest theory. Interactionist theorists criticized functionalism for failing to conceptualize adequately the nature of actors and the process of interaction. Parsons work has been criticized, but has influenced generations of family scholars. Due to Durkheim, the grounds of functionalism were founded, and such social scientists as Murdock and Parsons expanded further of his ideas of the family- that the family socialises an individual through both primary and secondary socialisation, aiding the development of a stable adult character- however the individual is never fully socialised as society is continually evolving society.

Alice Walker’s Short Story Everyday Use Essay -- essays research paper

Alice Walker’s Short Story â€Å"Everyday Use† In Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† tells us a story of two daughters’, Dee and Maggie Johnson, with different ideas about their identities and values. Dee a young woman who, in the course of a visit to the rural home she thinks she has outgrown, attempts unsuccessfully to divert some fine old quilts ,earmarked for the dowry of a sister, into her own hands. Dee is Mrs. Johnson’s oldest daughter, the one who has always been determined, popular, and successful. Maggie is her young sister who was severely burned in the house fire as a child. She is still lives with her mother in poverty, putting â€Å"priceless† objects to â€Å"everyday use.† A similar view is expressed by Houston Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, who writes, â€Å"A scarred and dull Maggie, who has been kept at home and confined to everyday offices, has but one reaction to the fiery and vivacious arrival of her sister.† Dee despises her sister, her mother and the church that helped to educate her. She is selfish, and walker focuses the reader’s growing dislike for the heroine in her indifference to Maggie, the pathetic sister she seems prepared to ignore in a kind of moral triage. Maggie represents the multitude of black women who must suffer while the occasional lucky â€Å"sister† escapes the ghetto. Mama conjectures that: Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, e...

Marketing Strategy and Economic Changes Essay

Marketing Strategy and Economic Changes Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many organizations and business entities have developed and expanded their operations across the world as a result of the great developments which have been experienced in various economies across the world. One of the major issues that have contributed to the growth of organization is their strategies in marketing their products and services so that the consumers are aware of what they are offering. Marketing strategies when implemented properly often bring good returns to a company in terms of increased market share, increased sales as well as increase in the profitability(Larson, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Failure of a company to have effective marketing strategy can result in failure and collapse of the business since the company is not able to promote its products and influence the purchasing behaviour of the consumers (Parker, 2011). It is important that an organization should formulate a marketing strategy that will enable it realize its objectives and goals in the short and long run. However, there are changes in the economy which may affect the marketing strategies which an organization applies for its products so that it can be able to stay in the market. Economic issues such recession and depression in the economy may force a company or an organization to change the strategies and adopt new ones that will not affect the company negatively. Nike Inc is a multinational organization that deals in sportswear in terms of clothes as well as shoes for all groups of people(Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012). Nike Inc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nike Inc is a worldwide known brand of sportswear designer, manufacturer as well as distributor and seller across the world. The company is known to produce one of the top quality brands of products that are used across different sports in the world. The company has been in the forefront in ensuring that its marketing strategies are effective and capture the market as well as help it stay on top of the competition(Zakrevskaya, &Mastracci, 2013). The marketing strategies which the company has been using include brand promotion and commercials with the endorsement of famous celebrities in the sports field. The company uses successful sports professionals, college teams as well as celebrities who they sponsor using their products(Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the successful sports professional such as Michael Jordan are seen by consumers to use the products of the company, there are high chances that the consumers will be influenced to purchase the products since someone that is successful has recommended them and also makes use of them(Larson, 2011). This marketing strategy of using celebrities and successful sports persons builds the notion in consumers that they too can have the same experience as the sports persons that use the same products and also show their association with the persons of their choice. The company has also made use of marketing segmentation as part of its marketing strategy. Nike Inc has majority of the sportsmen as its consumers (Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, changes in the global economy can have negative impacts and influence the marketing strategies of the company. As mentioned earlier, economic factors such as the occurrence of recession, as well as depression are some of the economic factors which can influence and impact the marketing strategies of the company(DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The impacts of the economic changes can be analysed in terms of the effect on the competitive advantage of the company, targeting, market segmentation as well as positioning in addition to branding of products. Impacts of Economic Changes Competitive Advantage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic recession and depression are the major economic changes that can greatly affect the marketing strategies that Nike Inc applies. During the economic recession and depression, it means that there is less supply of cash and that people do not have enough to sustain their normal purchasingbehaviour(Zakrevskaya, &Mastracci, 2013). The products that Nike Inc offers to the consumers, especially the sportsmen are often of high price. Recession and depression will mean that the company will have to look for new marketing strategies which can still help sustain its profitability. Sponsoring of the sportsmen is the primary marketing strategy which the company has used for many years and has been seen to be effective (OnurTaÅŸ, &CunedioÄŸlu, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, during recession and depression, Nike Inc will be forced to forgo some of the sponsorships since it will not be able to sustain the sponsorships which are often free to the athletes in return for the athletes wearing the brands of the company(DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The company would want to reduce its costs in sponsoring during the recessions and depression since many people at this time do not have enough funds to spare which they can spend on high-end products such as those of Nike. Companies that produce substitute products which are cheaper will have an added advantage compared to Nike (Groucutt, Forsyth, &Leadley, 2004). Consumers would want to purchase less of the high-end products hence accusing Nike Inc to lose its competitive advantage to the competitors that offer cheaper products. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nike Inc is a well-known brand and often uses marketing segmentation as a way of promoting is products. The market segment that the company has engaged in is the sportsmen segment in the market (DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The primary target has been athletes and people that engage in sporting activities across the world from different age groups. This means that the company relies heavily on sports to promote and sell its products. Therefore, when there is economic recession and depression, the company may want to adapt a new market segment, that of those that are not involved in sports(OnurTaÅŸ, &CunedioÄŸlu, 2014). However, the marketing segmentation and targeting of the non-sporting groups will mean that the company has to adjust the pricing of its products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the targeting strategy of the company will be affected negatively since it will need to change from just sponsorship of the sportsmen but also to check on diversity of its products. Under positioning in the market, Nike Inc has been able to position itself strategically across the globe in many countries(Zakrevskaya, &Mastracci, 2013). The company operates in different countries hence has a global presence which is good for the company. The economic recession and depression will not have a major impact on the positioning of the company as it already has a global presence. However, it may have to look at other markets that are developing where the market may not be greatly affected by the changes in the global economy(MacEwan, & Miller, 2011). Branding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other aspect of marketing strategy that may be affected by the negative economic changes in the global economy is branding. Nike Inc has been observed to have a strong brand that commands a huge market share as compared to other competitors(Lee, & Ha, 2012). The branding of the company’s product will not be affected since the company has a fully established brand that is well known and has a great market share in sports. Impact on Consumer Behaviour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Changes in the global economy, especially issues such as recession and depression in the economy will have an impact on the consumer behaviour and how they make their purchasing decisions; especially regarding the products of Nike Inc(MacEwan, & Miller, 2011). Consumers depend on their income to purchase products and when the global economy faces issue such as recession and depression, their income is likely to be affected. Therefore, the consumers in this case will shy away from high-end products since they are expensive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the law of demand, when the price of an item is high, there are chances that the demand may decline. Income is a determinant factor hence the purchasing behaviour of the consumers will change with consumers seeking for more urgent needs such as food and clothing and other needs instead of spending their money on sportswear (Zakrevskaya, &Mastracci, 2013). Therefore, Nike will be forced to seek alternative marketing strategy which will still appeal to the consumers such as offering of discounts and providing affordable products. Consumers during recession and depression will often seek for substitute products that can still function the same way as the primary product hence they will opt to purchase other types of clothing that can still perform the functions of Nike products. Growth Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The global economy is constantly experiencing growth which continues to create opportunities for many companies in the world, Nike Inc included, to grow and expand on their business. Nike Inc has potential for growth in various areas based on the technological developments which have continued to increase innovation and creativity (MacEwan, & Miller, 2011). Furthermore, the many policies in various countries on business have been changed to open up borders for international trade in various countries across the world which means an increase in the potential market for the products of the company. The growth opportunities that the company has include the growing global market for footwear as well as the growing opportunity in online retail. Global footwear market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the recent years, there has been tremendous growth that has been experienced in the global market on footwear which provides Nike with an excellent opportunity to grow its business (NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). The company has a strong brand portfolio as well as strong marketing strategies which if properly managed will enhance the business. As mentioned, there has been a lot of reduction in trade barriers in many countries across the world through trade treaties which have opened up new markets especially bin developing countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The global market for footwear has grown over the years and in the year 2012; the revenue generated amounted to about $256.6 billion. The European markets as well as the Asian markets have also experienced growth over the years which provide a great opportunity for the growth of the company (Lee, & Ha, 2012). The global footwear market is poised to grow a lot and hence Nike should take up the opportunity since there is a growing demand among consumers for footwear products that are comfortable. Online Retail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other growth opportunity that Nike Inc has is online retailing. Over the years, there has been a growing trend among consumers to make purchases online as a result of the technological as well as the development of the internet(NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). Consumers over the recent past have been seen to prefer online purchasing which they consider to be affordable, efficient as well as convenient. Therefore, Nike Inc, through its website and creation of an online store for its products, can growth in the future (Larson, 2011). References DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc. (2012). NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Groucutt, J., Forsyth, P., &Leadley, P. (2004).Marketing: Essential principles, new realities. London [u.a.: Kogan Page. Larson, D. (2011). Global Brand Management — Nike’s Global Brand.ISM Journal OfInternational Business, 1(3), 1-14. Lee, K., & Ha, I. â€Å".(2012). Exploring the Impacts of Key Economic Indicators and Economic Recessions in the Restaurant Industry.Journal Of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(3), 330-343 MacEwan, A., & Miller, J. A. (2011).Economic collapse, economic change: Getting to the roots of the crisis. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis. (2014). NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Nike: The Future Of Marketing. (2012). Marketing (00253650), 28. OnurTaÅŸ, B. K., &CunedioÄŸlu, H. E. (2014). HOW CAN RECESSIONS BE BROUGHT TO AN END? EFFECTS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY ACTIONS ON DURATIONS OF RECESSIONS.Journal Of Applied Economics, 17(1), 179-198. Parker, J. A. (2011).On Measuring the Effects of Fiscal Policy in Recessions.Journal OfEconomic Literature, 49(3), 703-718. Zakrevskaya, O., &Mastracci, S. (2013). Differential Effects of the Great Recession by Household Type.Challenge (05775132), 56(6), 87-114. Source document

20 Exploratory Essay Topics What to Write in an Essay about Earthquake Prediction

20 Exploratory Essay Topics What to Write in an Essay about Earthquake Prediction Here are 20 topics on earthquake prediction for an exploratory essay: Connection of Stress Tensors with Earthquake How Can Variations in Geochemical and Electromagnetic Signals Be Used to Detect Earthquakes Linear Elasticity Theory How Is Strain Accumulation on Plate Boundaries Calculated? How Difficult Is it to Predict Earthquakes? Does Quantitative Theory Improve Predictability of Earthquakes What Is Earthquake Clustering Probabilistic vs Deterministic Analysis Earthquake Mitigation Measures Effectiveness of Van Predictions Important of Space, Time and Magnitude in an Earthquake Event Is It Possible to Create Real-life Seismicity Model? What Problems Does Spatial Inhomogeneity of Epicenter of the Earthquake Cause During Earthquake Determination Process Earthquake Cataloguing and Seismic Moment Tensor Inversions Reliability of Deterministic Approach towards Earthquake Prediction Prediction of Earthquakes through Low-frequency Seismograms or Static Deformation of an Event How Can Null-hypothesis Help in Filtering Earthquake Evaluation? Can Earthquake Simulation on Computers Help in Prediction? Effects of Focal Mechanism on Earthquake Prediction What Causes Seismicity Variations Interesting topics, aren’t they? We bet you’re now excited about what topic to go with. Just pick the one you feel will impress your professor. In addition to giving you informative facts and interesting topics to write on, we will also help you with the actual writing process on one topic from the list above. Sample Exploratory Essay: How Difficult Is It to Predict Earthquakes? Too often have people asked this question and we believe the confusion in this matter is solely due to a lack of knowledge. The scientific community hasn’t exactly been sitting idle for the past half century, though despite of all the modern day computing power, it is difficult to predict earthquakes with a hundred percent certainty. Some people have claimed that they’ve built successful systems such as the VAN method which is said to detect low frequency electric signals seven hours before an earthquake, with a tolerance rate of 30 minutes. However, there is still debate amongst seismic researchers that there is simply too much randomness that poses a hindrance to successfully creating a perfect model. The earth is extremely heterogeneous, quantitative theory about earthquakes is absent and fault zones are inaccessible. Scientists have been stubbornly trying to disprove this by trying to find out other reasons for the difficulties we face in getting reliable predictions. Fluid properties and standard laws of displacement are known to us if we are to study the turbulent motion of fluids, but in order to have reliable readings of air movement inside a closed room, it has to be calculated for at least five minutes. Similarly the earth’s atmosphere circulation can be successfully and precisely calculated for a few days if the inertial force is strong, hence the weather updates we see on television. So now that we know that even long term weather detection is impossible, lets look at what makes earthquakes different. The problem with predicting earthquakes is that the inertial effects are only strong when the subsequent seismic-wave propagation and earthquake rupture is active. Unfortunately, the timescale of the two aforementioned aspects is merely within seconds. This brings us to the second point to be discussed; how is it that weather is more easily predicted than earthquakes? The process of predicting earthquakes is asymmetric in nature. If you are to look at things from time perspective, the number of foreshock is noticeably low or in some cases none at all. While the seismicity is asymmetric in regards to time, turbulent flow of fluids isn’t, therefore the predictability of earthquakes is unreliable and hit-and-miss, even if the lead times are very small. The first event of earthquake is called the â€Å"Main Shock† and in 50% earthquake events, the main shock is the largest. The start of an earthquake sequence is abrupt which is followed by a series of aftershocks. These are called rupture events, and are supposed to be the stopping phase of an earthquake. The most extreme atmospheric turbulence event is a tornado with a lead time of half an hour, while the most extreme earthquake can occur without any warning whatsoever. We can detect tornados half an hour in advance, but we can’t detect which direction the tornado is headed, particularly if it’s a tropical hurricane, as a small change can alter its trajectory in a major way. Concluding it all, weather prediction can be authentic for at least 4 to 5 days while earthquakes of the most destructive nature can happen without any notice whatsoever. This is mainly why scientists are unable to make a breakthrough in terms of accurately predicting earthquakes. Reference: Silver, N. (2015). The Signal And The Noise Why So Many Predictions Fail But Some Dont. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Tazieff, H. (1992). Earthquake prediction. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bolt, B. A. (1993). Earthquakes and Geological Discovery. New York: Scientific American Library. Mulargia, F., Geller, R. J. (2003). Earthquake Science and Seismic Risk Reduction. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. Hough, S. E. (2007). Richters Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Earthquake Storms: The Fascinating History and Volatile Future of the San Andreas Fault. (2014). S.l.: Pegasus Books. Advances in Earthquake Prediction. (2008). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH KG.

The Movie Mr. Bones Produced by Anant Singh

The Movie Mr. Bones Produced by Anant Singh Introduction Historians and social scientists have presented various impacts of white colonization to different societies. In historical works, scholars present the British as the master and the owner of property within the colonized societies. Most scholars assert that all the colonizers were rich, powerful, and influential. This argument has become a truth in the current political and social societies, as evidenced by the unabated blame from the colonized to the colonizers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie Mr. Bones Produced by Anant Singh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the purpose of this essay is to present a contrasting scenario of the ‘whites’ in a colonial country based on the movie Mr. Bones by Anant Singh. The producer illustrates a story of a white man who embraced the African culture to an extent of becoming a magician of a fictional Kuvukiland. Particularly the essay descr ibes the plot, analysis and undertakes a critical evaluation of the movie. Description of the movie; ‘Mr. Bones’ A videovision Entertainment production and directed by Anant Singh, Mr. Bones is a fictional story in a traditional south African geography illustrated by Kuvukiland. Mr. Bones, the protagonist, is a white man and interestingly a magician. His role is to mediate between the people of Kuvukiland and their god, known as â€Å"the great one†. The story begins with Mr. Bones presiding over the traditional marriage of the Kuvukiland king, King Ekule. Before Mr. Bones authenticates the marriage, he first performs the rituals using his ‘bones’. Controversy of the story occurs when an Indian man interrupts the marriage ceremony. The man offers a necklace to the king with a precious stone before he dies on the hands of the king. Suddenly, the stone starts to haunt the king; Ekule transforms into a violent Indian man. As all the people in the ceremo ny run for their safety, Mr. Bones is busy pleading to the â€Å"mighty one† to take away the evil spirit from the society. Finally, the god responds and the king transforms back to Ekule. Because of the condition of the king, Mr. Bones seeks for a solution from the â€Å"mighty one†. Through a series of magic and pleading, Mr. Bones establishes that the king should return the precious stone to its home to discard the haunting spirit. In their hunt for the home of the stone, Mr. Bones and his King, Ekule, end up in an Indian town but they do not know the exact geographical position of the town. When Mr. Bones performs his magic, â€Å"the mighty one† directs them to a woman in a red dress. They finally land to Renshi, an Indian woman who develops interest with the stone since her fiancà ©, Kuyti, is a professor in gemstone and she promises to accommodate them in the city. Kuyti investigation establishes that the stone is precious and valuable, in fact, with a v alue of more than $ 6 million US dollars. Because Mr. Bones and his king are nescient and backward, Kuyti deceits them that the stone has no value- it is a glass.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite his lies, Mr. Bones maintains that he should have the custody of the stone and grabs it away from Kuyti. The story continues with a series of attempts by Kuyti to steal the stone from Mr. Bones but all end in vain. Finally, Mr. Bones, Renshi, and King Ekule emerge the victors after successfully returning the stone to its origin (Singh). Although the story contains traditions, which are no more in practice, its intended audience includes the modern political and social societies, which the British colonized. It is a story, which demonstrates to the historical scholars that not all the British were colonizers; some were at the service of the society. It also demonstrates t o the social scientists the impact of the African culture to other societies such as Britain and Indian (Singh). This work is a form of entertainment to the children as it is rich in comical scenarios. Lessons learnt from this work touches societal levels ranging from children to adults, historians to social scientists and politicians. Analysis Purposely, Anant Singh aims to change the perception of the society about the colonization of the world by the European superpowers. Scholars have explored the effects of the colonization particularly to the cultures of the societies colonized with a general assertion that colonizers degraded and imposed their culture to such societies. By using the character of Mr. Bones, a white and indeed a colonizer, Singh demonstrates that there were those whites who assimilated, perhaps colonized by the cultures of the society. The producer uses geographical setting of South Africa; it is the longest colonized society in the world. This has a revelation that not all the whites were indeed colonizers; some loved the cultures of those societies and as illustrated by the character of Mr. Bones, came to integrate with the local people. Singh brings the Indian character into the story to reveal their entrepreneurship efforts and love for money. Professor Kuyti is an outstanding character in this demonstration. Since the story dates back to 1880s, it is vivid that entrepreneurship is a hereditary skill among the Indians. Although English is the main language in presentation of the story, the writer has used a variety of colloquialisms. The author uses the terms â€Å"great one† to describe the power and the might of the god of the Kuvukiland. In order to illustrate the backwardness of Mr. Bones and the people of Kuvukiland comically, the writer uses â€Å"dragon fly† or â€Å"flying monster† to describe an airplane and â€Å"hippo and cockroach† to describe a lorry.Advertising We will write a custom e ssay sample on The Movie Mr. Bones Produced by Anant Singh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to show the Indian perception over the other races, Kuyti refers to Mr. Bones and King Ekule as â€Å"the brothers to baboons†. It is worth noting that the colloquialisms used in this story are simple and direct for the audience to interpret. As mentioned earlier on, this story intends to entertain and educate children and impact on the perception of the scholars on colonization. Critique The story represents the characters as strongly clinched to their traditions and customs. Mr. Bones and King Ekule represent a typical society under colonization while Renshi and Kuyti illustrate a typical Indian society. In fact, these characters conform to traditions of their societies and as a result, they offer several effects to the society of the 21st century. The story reinforces the cultural expectations of an Indian society among the audience s. In contrast, it narrates a different story of colonization to the viewers; it illustrates how the whites were assimilated into the culture of a colonized society. This will change the common knowledge that the white colonizers degraded the cultures of the societies they colonized. According to Schmidt, the public knowledge about issues in the society depends on the information broadcasted in the media (1). It is therefore justifiable that the audience’s perception on this matter of history will change and perhaps offer insight to elicit more studies into the history on the subject. To the audience, the story aims to kindle some emotional responses. First, the audience should believe that the cultural degradation was not a result of colonization by the whites but due to cultural relationships, as represented by the character of Mr. Bones. Secondly, scholars and historians should further contest on their assertions on the effect of colonization to cultures in the colonized s ocieties in order to offer conclusions that are more convincing. The story, though indirectly, has political effects to most societies all over the world. Media plays a very crucial role in political decision-making (Brigg and Muller 132). Political blames by the once colonized societies to their former masters are likely to reduce. Since the story has revealed that colonization was a ‘two-way’ process, no party therefore, should blame the other for issues arising from colonial times. In a broader perspective, the political relationship among all the races of the world and hence international relations will improve. Conclusion The character of the white magician, Mr. Bones, in a black society is a revelation to the modern society that the culture of the colonized society assimilated and colonized some colonial masters.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a fact, which most historical studies have never ventured to explore. Besides presenting this academic position, Singh illustrates the comedy of an uncivilized society through the characters of Mr. Bones and King Ekule. The story has great social, cultural, and political effects to the modern societies. Mr. Bones’ storyline is indeed a resolution to the conflicts of the 21st century. Brigg, Morgan and Muller, Kate. â€Å"Conceptualizing culture in Conflict Resolution.† Journal of Intercultural Studies 30.2 (2009): 121-140. Schmidt, Diane. â€Å"Public opinions and media coverage.†Journal of Labor Research 14.2 (1993): 1-2. Singh, Anant, dir. Mr. Bones. Videovision Entertainment, 2008. Film.

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Importance Of Law In To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Law’s are made for many different reasons, they are made to keep society in place, they are made to give justice to everyone, they are made to give equality to all, they are made to stop intolerable acts, and they are made to uphold our strict justice system. When it comes to practicing law I believe that no exceptions may be made in any circumstances because a rule is a rule. With one exception being made many people would be at a disadvantage, creating an unfair justice system. Pretend you are a driving your child to their doctor’s appointment, when you realize that you may be late you begin to speed. Eventually you are going 50 miles per hour on a 35 miles per hour road and you run a red light. The police eventually pull you over, and you explain to them your delema. Instead of being understanding and thoughtful of your situation the police officer charges you with both a ticket for speeding and running a red light. Acording to the law this is the right thing to do but according to Atticus, in To Kill A Mokingbird, the policie officer should have accepted your reasoning and allowed you to go free of charge because â€Å"sometimes it is better to bend the law a little in special cases.† (30) I disagree with Atticus because stretching the law in minor casing may seem understandable but laws are made for certain reason’s and when there is an exception made for one person there should be an exception made for any person who breaks the law. Much like in chapter 3 of To Kill A Mockingbird. The Ewell family is a family of much lower social ranking and class that the Cunninham’s. Burris Ewell proves this to be true when he arrives to school with worms attactched to his body and lice in his head, and no shoes on (further explain)

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations 1.0 General introduction/background This chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis. In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gà ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gà ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-lear ning as â€Å"the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically†. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and Sonone, 2004) 1.1 Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, a n organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. 1.2 Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? 1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. 1.4 Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings 2.0 Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. 2.1 Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students. 2.2 Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. 2.3 Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. 2.4 Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mà ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; Ø Barriers of E learning system implementation, Ø Implications of E learning system in organizations, Ø Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Ø Challenges of E learning Implementation, Ø Limitations of E learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; Ø Cultural issues of E leaning system, Ø Cultural Influence on online Learning, Ø Cultural influence on student learning, Ø Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Ø Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Ø Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, Ø A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Ø Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Ø Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Ø Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system. 2.5 Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification† (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is ‘data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is ‘data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process The above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations. 2.6 Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as â€Å"the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure† (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means â€Å"the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process† (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. 2.7 Method Critique Due to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. 3.0 Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. 3.1 E-learning 3.1.1 What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as â€Å"delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.†According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. â€Å"E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment† (Khan, 2008). In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008); Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US ‘in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. 3.2 Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation. 3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure. (http://www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003) Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 ; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Hiltz, 1997). (Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this reference Personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004). In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing  ¨skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, â€Å"It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account†. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008). 3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers 3.4.1 A Framework for E-Learning These days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation. 3.1 Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below: Needs Assessment Needs analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) Readiness Assessment Readiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness: Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25). Organizational change E-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005). Budgeting and return on investment Institutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). Program and course information catalog Institution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30). Financial Aid Financial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32). Policies Institutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35). Instructional Quality Instructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009). Faculty and Staff support For effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41). Intellectual property rights Institutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39). Learning Skills Development Well-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39); ), Wong (2007). 3.2Management issues (Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization ref Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations 1.0 General introduction/background This chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis. In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gà ¼nes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gà ¼nes, 2008). Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006; Kaohsiung; Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-lear ning as â€Å"the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically†. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391). E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005). Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008; Gujar and Sonone, 2004) 1.1 Problem statement There are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology; researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, a n organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process. 1.2 Research question What are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system? 1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully. 1.4 Thesis design The structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which include Chapter 1: Introduction/Background The Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question. Chapter 2: Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. Chapter 3: Framework of reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors. Chapter 5 Analysis This chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusions This section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings 2.0 Research Design/Methods This chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. 2.1 Choice of Topic Fisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students. 2.2 Research Process There are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data. 2.3 Data Collection and source Fisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation. Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures. 2.4 Access of information Secondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mà ¤lardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained; Ø Barriers of E learning system implementation, Ø Implications of E learning system in organizations, Ø Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Ø Challenges of E learning Implementation, Ø Limitations of E learning System, To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained; Ø Cultural issues of E leaning system, Ø Cultural Influence on online Learning, Ø Cultural influence on student learning, Ø Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Ø Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Ø Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, Ø A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Ø Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Ø Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Ø Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system. 2.5 Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity: (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification† (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are; First is ‘data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification. In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is ‘data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying; describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process The above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations. 2.6 Validity and Reliability Validity is defined as â€Å"the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure† (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means â€Å"the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process† (Taylor et al., 2006). Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process. 2.7 Method Critique Due to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions. 3.0 Framework of Reference This chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors. 3.1 E-learning 3.1.1 What is E-learning? E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 ; Schank, 2002; Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002; Sambrook, 2003; Fry; Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as â€Å"delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.†According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. â€Å"E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment† (Khan, 2008). In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008); Andersson, 2009; Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008). For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Brown, 2006). In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards. These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US ‘in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007; Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction. 3.2 Implementation of E-learning One of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system: To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common. Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners; support services staff and the institutions itself. In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005). A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation; and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation. 3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementation Worldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure. (http://www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003) Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas; technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 ; Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002; Hiltz, 1997). (Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this reference Personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 ; Kember et al., 2001; Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 ; Carr, 1999; Hamid, 2002; Angelina, 2002a, p.12) The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 ; Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003; Rivera and Rice, 2002; Abouchedid and Eid, 2004). In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing  ¨skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007; Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations: e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002;. Dringus, 2003; Newton, 2003; Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003; Smulders, 2003; Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; Gordon, Young Bal, 2003; Svensson, 2004; Ivergard Hunt, 2005;). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation. Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009; Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, â€Å"It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account†. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008). 3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers 3.4.1 A Framework for E-Learning These days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions: institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation. 3.1 Institutional Issues Institutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997; Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004). To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below: Needs Assessment Needs analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) Readiness Assessment Readiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness: Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25). Organizational change E-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005). Budgeting and return on investment Institutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). Program and course information catalog Institution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30). Financial Aid Financial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32). Policies Institutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35). Instructional Quality Instructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009). Faculty and Staff support For effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41). Intellectual property rights Institutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39). Learning Skills Development Well-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39); ), Wong (2007). 3.2Management issues (Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization ref