NFL Held Responsible for Brain Injuries - 1128 Words

NFL Held Responsible for Brain Injuries Throughout history in the NFL, head injuries and fixing those problems have always been hidden from the athletes because of the NFL striving to make a large profit instead of caring for the players. With this being an ongoing problem between NFL players and the NFL itself, many past and current players are digging deeper to find the truth and statistics continue to show how serious this problem actually is. When the lawsuits first began to come known to the public, the NFL agreed to pay over seven hundred million dollars to compensate former players suffering neurological injuries. Many believe the NFL offered this so quickly, hoping to avoid a potential public relations nightmare. The NFL, a ten†¦show more content†¦It may go deeper than that though (Kacsmar). The players accused the NFL of intentional misconduct in its response to the headaches, dizziness, and other multiple signs that former players have reported (â€Å"Mega-Lawsu it†). A former running back, Kevin Turner, who was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), said â€Å"The NFL must open its eyes to the consequences of its actions. The NFL has the power not only to give former players the care they deserve, but also to ensure that future generations of football players do not suffer the way that many in my generation have.† (â€Å"Mega-Lawsuit†). Many of the former and present NFL players believe that like boxing, the NFL had to be aware of the health risks associated with repetitive blows producing sub concussive and concussive results. The fact that some members of the NFL player population were at significant risk of developing long term brain damage, had to be known by the league. Players say, â€Å"Despite its knowledge and controlling role in governing player conduct on and off the field, the NFL turned a blind eye to the risk and failed to warn and or impose safety regulations governing this well-recognized health and safety problem.† (â€Å"Lawsuit†). The NFL’s rule change on moving kickoffs to the thirty-five yard line in 2011 was expected to decrease the number of head injuries, but overall head injuriesShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Concussions On The Football Field1553 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of psychiatric, and neurological symptoms including memory loss, depression, anxiety, aggression and dementia (Firger). None of the blows have to result in unconsciousness, in fact, most people diagnosed have never had severe brain trauma or concussions (NFL Concussions Fast). Early studies found a disease in correlation to boxing, a condition called dementia pugilistica, or â€Å"punch-drunk syndrome† (Alzheimer’s and Dementia). Studies for dementia pugilistica began in 1929, outlining the symptomsRead MoreFootball is a classic American pastime that has been thrilling spectators for decades. As with all1200 Words   |  5 Pagesconcussions. A concussion is a hit-induced injury that causes any sort of malfuncti on in the brain. When the brain does not function properly, a person is exposed to a mental degradation that can result in a loss of self-being and independence. Concussions are becoming the main suspect for mental challenges in football players as the result of an overlooked modern game. First, the primary causes of concussions in football are players competing with a history of brain injury, the size of players, and the speedRead MoreSports Medicine Physicians And Athletic Trainers Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesIt’s all over the news. At least, it’s all over the sports news. There is even a movie that is entirely about this one injury. The invisible injury. An injury that can present itself as simple headaches to nausea to dizziness to complete loss of consciousness. Something that is described as a bruise to the brain caused by a bump or a blow to the head has become an athlete’s worst nightmare: a concussion (What). Concussions are becoming more and more commonplace in today’s world. Some say it isRead MoreThe Dark Side Of Nfl : Concussed Or Not?2865 Words   |  12 PagesDark Side to the NFL: Concussed or Not? Based on my research, there are considerable lifelong health related consequences associated with participating in grueling sport activities such as professional football. What responsibilities should the National Football League (NFL) have in regards to providing an adequate support system to players suffering from a concussion during a practice or regular season game and from lifelong challenges as a result of traumatic head injuries sustained duringRead MoreMaterial And The Design Of Football Helmets Essay2931 Words   |  12 Pagesprevent concussive damage to the brain. A polycarbonate shell is used as the outer housing for regulation football helmets, but along with this material, the materials used on the inside of the helmet are just as, if not more, important. The purpose of this report is to analyze the materials used in current football helmet design and the improvements being made in the field of materials science in order to combat the severe number of concussions suffered by NFL players. Concussions There is a largeRead MoreFIFA Fotball: A Single Goal, a Single Feeling Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesthe events. However, although some people believe that sports are negative, they are overwhelmingly positive because they offer educational opportunities, strengthen communities, and encourage gender equality. [one of the major disadvantages is brain injury. You need to deal with that in intro or in body para. Let’s see if you do] Sports are positive because they offer talented people with limited economic resources the opportunity to pursue a professional career in college. Jason Whitlock, a sportswriterRead MoreEssay on The Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball3073 Words   |  13 Pagesthat created Tetrahydrogestrinone. Of course he is taking the steroids; his trainer took part in making THG. But, if that is not enough convincing information, Barry Bonds broke Roger Maris home-run record by twelve home-runs. Roger Maris record held for 27 years and was unable to be broken by some of the best athletes in baseball, and possibly all sports. It is unnatural for a jump like that to happen. Jason Giambi, another athlete possibly connected to the steroid scandal, had a tremendous seasonRead MoreEssay Steroids2867 Words   |  12 Pagesflesh tearing disrupts the humid and misty environment. The ground shakes as the smell of blood draws in the masses, a feeding frenzy soon follows. Competitions have been held on planet Earth since the beginning of time. Humans began to compete as soon as we laid foot upon our beautiful planet. At first, our competitions were held to see who would eat, who would drink, or to see who would reproduce. Human competition was about life or death and only the strong were guaranteed survival. Today, thingsRead MoreAnalysis of Nike Inc.9194 Words   |  37 Pagesa measure of stability beginning in the 1980’s, due in part to the high barriers to entry that new firms faced. There were high start-up costs due to expensive raw materials; costly innovation, technology, and advertising; and the high market share held by the industry’s leaders. Existing companies achieved economies of scale that were not available to potential new entrants. In addition, established companies had distinct identities and brand-loyal customers. New entrants would have needed to matchRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition Ne w Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesRegulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118 †¢ Job Attitudes 119 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 119 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 120 Summary and Implications for Managers 121 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of

Media Violence May Increase Behavioral Violence - 923 Words

Media Violence May Increase Behavioral Violence The Virginia Tech School Shooting in 2007 resulted in thirty-two fatalities and seventeen injuries. During the event’s aftermath, a video of Seung-Hui Cho, the shooter, was released to the public. In the video, Cho discusses a previous school shooting at Columbine High School. His reference to another school shooting led the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to conclude that media coverage of the Columbine shooting could have influenced Cho to plan and enact his own school shooting (Ferguson, 2013, p. 21-24). Numerous social scientists have conducted social experiments and surveys to study this possible link, and to understand the relationship between violence in the media and violence in individuals. Many of them conclude that media violence can influence individuals to behave violently. Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory, constructed to explain how media violence might increase behavioral violence, is part of the General Aggression Model (GAM), which considers a person’s developmental psychology in order to understand their behavior. The Social Learning Theory is based on the observation that individuals are influenced by the behaviors they observe. This implies that if a person observes violence in the media, then they will behave violently (Black, 2016, p. 192). Thus, individuals who are exposed to large amounts of violent media will behave more violently than individuals who are not exposed toShow MoreRelatedIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture In Bradbury’s dystopian classic, Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse says â€Å" ‘I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other’ † (Bradbury 27). Bradbury claims through Fahrenheit 451 that our society is becoming increasingly violent in youth’s culture. Furthermore, common sense seems to dictate that as technology advances violence, increases as well. Although schools are considered to be the safest places for children, media, behavioral problems, and influences insideRead MoreAggressive Behavior And Video Games860 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuous exposure to video games may generate behavioral changes among individuals. It is being demonstrated by research that violent television and media have a cause and effect on children and youth that watch them. Because video games use the same repetitiveness mechanism as television and media it is expected by social science professionals that video games cause an even greater impact. Many factors have been cases of study for researchers to support the thesis of behavioral changes as a consequenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Emotion1570 Words   |  7 Pagesshown how harmful the effects of media violence can be for over 60 years, and some recent studies have shown that there may even be a direct correlation between a one’s emotions and their exposure to the highly concentrated violence in video games. It is also known that over 85% of video games today have at the very least some type of minor violence, and about half of video games contain serious violent actions (Carnagey, 2007). This is the reason why video game violence research and literature is growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreThe Effects of Media Violence on Children Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I saw it on Television.† Television violence had a role in the childs behavior. Media violence can have a lasting impression on children, teenagers and adults not only through television, but also through video games. In the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in violent behavior in the United States (Merino 1). This is the result of exposure to violence. More than half of television programs and video games contain some type of violence. Perez Daly says, â€Å"’... children areRead MoreViolent Media And Its Impact On Aggression1544 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Media and Its Impact On Aggression In Adolescence In recent trends, adolescents in the United States are now experiencing an explosive rise in the usage of technology. There have been many technological advances since the 20th century such as the invention of the Internet, cellular devices, and other screens. However, the new generation of adolescents in America; the â€Å"millennials,† are the ones living through and experiencing this new economy and lifestyle. Millennials and many other youngRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems today, with violence being at the top of the list, you go anywhere and that is all you here about. Unfortunately it’s in front-page headlines of the newspaper and broadcasted on the news as top stories. Violence is a very big topic, although it is categorized into many small groups. There is juvenile violence, domestic violence, hate violence, terrorist violence, and violence displaced through various forms of the media. This research w ill be on violence in the media and does it affect ourRead MoreLost Boys : Why Our Sons Turn Violent And How We Can Save Them Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesViolence shows it face in many forms. It is slowly taking over the youth of our society, and becoming more prevalent than ever. Is it really environmental factors that are the cause of violence in our youth today? Or is the increase in violence to be blamed on a group of variables, that together, create the perfect recipe for disaster? In the book, Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them, author Dr. James Garbarino discusses possible reasons that childhood aged boys are experiencingRead MoreCauses and Effects of Violence in Children Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesrate between children and violence is increasing. In fact, the article Children and Violence states that as many as 10 million children per year may witness or be victims of violence in their home, schools, or communities across the United States . Childhood exposure to violence has a huge overwhelming impact on children’s development, affect emotional growth, cognitive development, physical health, and school performances. This increase in children’s exposure to violence suggests that more childrenRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media such

Polar Bears Free Essays

The different adaptations of the Polar Bears and Brown Bears Polar Bears: Polar bears mainly eat seals Paw pads with rough surfaces help stop the Polar Bears from slipping on the ice Polar Bears don’t swim The polar bear’s fat layer, which is three to four inches thick, not only protects it from the cold A polar bear is so well insulated that it experiences no heat loss. The bear’s blubber layer can measure 4. 5 inches thick. We will write a custom essay sample on Polar Bears or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polar bears have excellent underwater vision. They can spot food up to 15 feet away. They have sharp claws and teeth to eat prey Their ears have small surface area compared to body, reduces heat loss Thick white fur for camouflage and insulation Long legs for running to catch prey Brown Bears: They have thick insulating coats and tend to be large which helps them to keep their body heat They hibernate during winter. They have sharp claws and teeth which help them attack their prey. Adult brown bears are powerful; much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves and oots. Bears also eat other animals. Brown bears can be recognized by their most distinctive feature, their shoulder hump. The shoulder muscle helps the bears to dig up roots and tear apart logs to find food. These muscles are located in the ‘hump’ of the brown bear. Brown bears can move rocks and logs and dig through hard soil and rocky ground using their long sharp claws when making their dens. They eat grass, fruit, insects, roots and bulbs of plants. How to cite Polar Bears, Papers

A-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question: Discuss about theA-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Answer: Introduction Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and flagellated bacterium that are natural inhabitants of soil and vegetation as well as our gastrointestinal tract. It has a circular chromosome like most of the prokaryotes with approximately 4214.8 Kb (Kunst et al., 1997) coding for more than 4000 proteins (Kobayashi et al., 2003). Out of the 4000 proteins many of them functions in metabolic activities which includes enzymes that are involved in breaking down carbon sources. One of the enzymes is the -amylase which is required for breakdown of carbohydrates into monomers (glucose and maltose) (Yamazaki et al., 1983). The enzyme is produced by the bacterium and is secreted to the external environment to breakdown starch in the immediate vicinity of the organism. After breaking down complex carbohydrate sources the simplified form such as glucose is taken up by the cell for utilization by the cell into its cytoplasm. The ability to secrete -amylase can be tested by culturing the bacterium on agar medium supplemented with starch and checking by iodine. Iodine has the ability to detect starch by changing colour from brown to purple. In case of absence of starch there will be no colour reaction and iodine will not change colour (Ortlepp, Ollington, McConnell, 1983). This means that B. subtilis which produces the -amylase enzyme will digest starch into smaller constituents and iodine will not change colour. By using organism that cannot produce the enzyme and comparing with B. subtilis we can determine the difference in iodine reaction of the two organisms on an agar plate supplemented with starch. After determination of the presence of the enzyme a procedure of whole genome isolation from the organism with an aim to purify the coding gene for -amylase will be carried out. The genomic isolation follows a procedure of destructing the bacterial cell wall and precipitating the genomic DNA. Lysis is performed using an anionic detergent, SDS, and lysozyme along with proteinase K. SDS destroys the lipid bilayer and precipitates protein, whereas lysozyme and proteinase K cleaves protein into amino acids leading to destruction of cell wall and membrane of the bacterium. Further, addition of RNase will destroy all the ribonuclease present in the lysate. The constituent protein is then precipitated with 1:1 phenol: chloroform mixture. The solution that remained after organic phase extraction contains the DNA which is purified by using silica resins as stationary phase. Silica groups are negatively charged and will bind with Na+ ions present in the mobile phase and will form a net positiv e charge. The positive charge will then attract DNA which is negatively charged which is then washed with ethanol and eluted using an elution solution. The whole process can be carried out in a specially designed spin column that are commercially available. The isolated DNA is then quantitated and quality checked by spectrophotometer reading at 260 and 280nm. The isolated DNA can then be used as a template for PCR amplification of the -amylase gene using gene specific primers. The amplified product can then be checked using agarose gel electrophoresis which separates DNA according to its size. As DNA is negatively charged it will travel towards positive charged electrode and the movement in an agarose medium is restricted by size allowing smaller molecules to travel ahead of larger ones. By using a standard marker we can determine the size of the amplified product. Result Iodine test for starch: The iodine test for presence of starch indicated a negative result on the side of the agar plate growing B. subtilis with no colour change of iodine, and a positive reaction for E. coli culture, iodine turned purple [Figure 1]. The result indicates absence of starch on the side of the plate with B subtilis and presence of starch on E. coli culture. Genomic DNA isolation and PCR amplification: The genomic DNA which was isolated from a culture of B. subtilis was checked with spectrophotometer for its purity and concentration. The absorbance at 260 nm UV was 0.25 and at 280 nm was 0.133. A 260/280 reading of 1.87 and a concentration of 12.5 g/ml. The concentration was estimated using the formula: A260 concentration 50 g/ml. In a reaction volume of 20 L PCR reaction, 8L of the isolated genomic DNA was used to get a final concentration of 0.1 g in 20 L [Table 1]. Determination of size of PCR product: The amplified product of PCR was electrophoresed on an agarose gel along with a standard DNA 100bp ladder. The gel was photographed [Figure 2] and distance travelled by each standard band was measured [Table 2] to establish a standard curve of distance migrated on Y axis and log of base pairs of standard on X axis. A linear trendline equation was established with R2 value of 0.99 which is the best fit [Figure 3]. Using the equation of the chart the size of the amplified band was estimated as 725 base pairs. We could not observe any product at the negative control well. Discussion subtilis houses a gene for -amylase and produces the enzyme for utilization of starch into its external environment and utilizes the product for its energy needs. The degradation of starch is evident from the iodine test which does not show a colour change from brown to purple in the B. subtilis culture. The result that we obtained is similar to previous experiments by other researchers (Swain Ray, 2007). After confirmation of presence of the enzyme by the iodine test we isolated the genomic DNA from the organism which was used for PCR reaction to amplify the gene. We determined the quality of the isolated DNA by measuring absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm UV light which yielded a A260/A280 of 1.8 indicating a pure DNA sample. In order to amplify the -amylase gene we used a PCR reaction. PCR is a dynamic method that specifically amplifies target DNA sequence by using specified forward and reverse primers to limit the reaction. The primer binds to the target DNA sequence in a Watson-crick base pairing method and serves as a 3OH free end for addition of nucleotides complementary to the target sequence by the activity of Taq polymerase (a thermostable DNA polymerase). For this dNTPs are provided in abundance for the reaction to proceed. PCR is carried out in three steps which is repeated over around 30 times leading to exponential multiplication of the product; Denaturation which separates the double stranded DNA, annealing in which primers anneal to targets and extension in which DNA strands are made by Taq polymerase. PCR can be used to amplify any DNA sequence provided that specific primers for the target are used and the annealing temperature is optimized for amplification. Sometimes when an mRNA is used for amplification of the target gene it should be first converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase in a process called reverse transcription. The product of the amplification is then checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method in which DNA can be separated based on size. Agarose is a gelling agent and forms a gel-like substance, the hardness of which is dependent on the percentage of agarose. The higher the percentage of agarose smaller is the pore size and hence retardation in mobility of the DNA sample therefore a higher gel percentage would reduce distance travelled. When electrophoresed in buffer (ion carrier such as TAE or TBE) the DNA moves from negative to positive electrode with smaller fragments moving faster than bigger ones. In our experiment we determined the size of the amplicon using a standard curve plotted with distance migrated by standard DNA base pair. The size of the amplicon was determined to be 724 base pair which was the same size as positive control band. However, the size of the gene is approximately 1539 base pairs (Ortlepp et al., 1983; Yamazaki et al., 1983; Yang, Galizzi, Henner, 1983), which means we amplified only a part of the gene. W e successfully amplified the gene for -amylase from B. subtilis. References Kobayashi, K., Ehrlich, S. D., Albertini, A., Amati, G., Andersen, K., Arnaud, M., . . . Bessieres, P. (2003). Essential Bacillus subtilis genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(8), 4678-4683. Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., . . . Danchin, A. (1997). The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature, 390(6657), 249-256. doi: 10.1038/36786 Ortlepp, S. A., Ollington, J. F., McConnell, D. J. (1983). Molecular cloning in Bacillus subtilis of a Bacillus licheniformis gene encoding a thermostable alpha amylase. Gene, 23(3), 267-276. Swain, M., Ray, R. (2007). Alpha?amylase production by Bacillus subtilis CM3 in solid state fermentation using cassava fibrous residue. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 47(5), 417-425. Yamazaki, H., Ohmura, K., Nakayama, A., Takeichi, Y., Otozai, K., Yamasaki, M., . . . Yamane, K. (1983). Alpha-amylase genes (amyR2 and amyE+) from an alpha-amylase-hyperproducing Bacillus subtilis strain: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences. Journal of bacteriology, 156(1), 327-337. Yang, M., Galizzi, A., Henner, D. (1983). Nucleotide sequence of the amylase gene from Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic acids research, 11(2), 237-250.